1 Nearly all of the some 10 billion animals slaughtered for food in the U.S. every year are the end result of a behemothic-sized swift-moving assembly line system, incorporating dangerous, unprecedented, and unsustainable methods of production. If America’s farmers were required by law to give their animals humane living conditions, including spacious quarters, clean surroundings, fresh air, sunlight, and opportunities for social interaction--and if it were illegal simply to drug the animals who would otherwise die from the conditions in which they live--cheap meat could never exist. Time and again the industry balks at even low-cost measures designed to improve the animals’ plight. Prices have been driven to levels unnaturally low, and, alas, a luxury good has been transformed into a staple.

1.在美国每年接近有一百亿只牲口被屠杀成为食物, 而且差不多所有都是这庞然大物般的高速装配生产线系统的结果，它融会了危险和前所未有而无法持续的生产方法。如果美国法律里有规定农民都必须给予动物人道的生活条件的话, 例如宽敞的畜舍，清洁的环境，清新的空气，阳光，和社交互动的机会； 如果，这些只靠药物来维持将死于恶劣环境下的动物的生命是非法的话, 那么廉价肉不会存在。 长期以来, 肉品业连最低成本的动物生存环境改良措施都拒绝使用。而肉价就被人为地驱使至如此不正常的低。 很可惜，奢侈豪华的商品已转化为大宗廉价商品。

2 America’s farmed animals produce 1.3 billion tons of waste per year, or 5 tons for every U.S. citizen. (Just one cow produces 100 pounds per day.) And the pollution strength of it all can reach levels 160 times greater than that of raw municipal sewage. This vast accumulation is not neatly contained; manure is the most common pollutant today in America’s waters. Land sprayed with pig excrement is particularly toxic, since pigs contract and transmit many human diseases--namely, meningitis, salmonella, chlamydia, giardia, cryptosporidiosis, worms, and influenza. Manure is laden with phosphorous, nitrates, and heavy metals and emits ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and cyanide. Manure has always been seen as fertilizer. But in today’s quantities, it is an under-regulated industrial pollutant.

2.美国的农养动物每年制造13亿吨废物，或每个美国公民一年制造5吨排泄废物（单单一头奶牛每天就制造100磅) 。 如此的污染强度是相当于城市下水道污染水平的160倍。这大量的废料积累并没受到完善的卫生控制; 动物的粪便是目前美国水中最常见的污染物。被喷淋过猪粪的土地是尤其有毒的，因为猪可感染及传递人类许多的疾病: 如脑膜炎，沙门氏菌，衣原体，贾第虫，隐孢子虫，蛔虫和流性感冒。粪肥里充满了磷、硝酸盐和重金属, 而且会释放氨、甲烷、硫化氢、一氧化碳、和氰化物。粪肥一直被视为肥料。但以今天的数量，它已变成了一个缺乏管制的工业污染物。

3 When people adhere to a diet rich in animal fat and protein and get little exercise, cancer risks are increased. Beef consumption raises the level of toxic substances called N-nitroso compounds, which are formed in the large bowel. The substances are believed to stick to DNA, making mutations more likely. Dietary fiber could be helpful in repairing the damage. But only plant foods contain it.

3.当人们坚持进食以动物性脂肪和蛋白质为主的饮食，又很少运动，罹患癌症的风险就会升高。食用牛肉提高在大肠形成的, 叫N-亚硝基化合物的有毒物质的指数。科学家相信此物质会付着在DNA上而使基因突变更有可能。食物纤维可有助于修复此类损害, 但只有在植物性食物中可找到它。

4 The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 70 percent of the world’s commercial fish stocks are fully exploited, overfished, or collapsed. To supply surging world demand, fishers use rapacious techniques, such as sonar, driftnets, longlines, dredgers, and leviathan fish-packing vessels. In the case of longlining, 4.5 million hooks are launched daily. A third of the world’s harvested fish go to feed livestock or farmed fish. The ocean’s interconnected ecosystem simply cannot keep pace. Now, 90 percent of the coveted top predator fish are gone. Consequently, fishers have moved down the food web to species once considered “trash.” These species, of course, are the food source of the fish that were initially overfished. In 2006, a report published in the journal Science gave the world until 2048 for all wild commercial stocks to be wiped out. The world could be left to fish nothing but jellyfish and bait.

4. 据联合国粮食及农业组织估计, 世界上70%的商业鱼群已经被充分的开发、过度捕捞、或瓦

解。为了供应世界上急增的需求，渔民便使用贪婪的捕鱼技术, 如声纳、流网、 延绳钓、挖泥船、和利维坦鱼肉包装之船只。至于延绳钓, 每日发动就有四千五百万只。 世界三分之一捕捞到的鱼都用来喂牲畜或成为农养鱼。海洋原有的相互关联的生态系统, 根本无法跟上。现在, 90 ％食物链顶端的擸食鱼类已消失。因此，渔民把食物网下移到昔日被视为“垃圾”的物种.这物种当然就是最初被过度捕捞的鱼的食物。在2006年科学杂志上发表的一份报告，最晚到2048年所有野生商业鱼群都会被捕光。世界上可能剩下捕的鱼只有是水母和当诱饵用的小鱼类。

5 The Humane Slaughter Act requires that mammals be rendered insensible to pain before being slaughtered. A Washington Post series in 2002, however, exposed a packing industry hard pressed to follow this law. Animals were found regularly butchered alive on speeded-up conveyor lines. A resolution that the Humane law be followed to the letter did become part of the U.S. Farm Bill. But long after the politicians enjoyed their photo-ops, the live butchering surely continues. Appropriated Farm Bill funds ended up being diverted to food-safety inspectors already employed. In the end, it almost doesn’t matter. The Humane law does not even apply to 99 percent of animals slaughtered, because poultry and fish are not covered by it.

5. 人道屠宰法规定，哺乳动物被屠宰前必须先将其失去知觉，然后才将其屠宰。然而, 2002年华盛顿邮报系列透露，某个肉类包装行业并没遵守这条法律。许多动物经常被发现被活宰于加快的输送线上。因而一项要求以人道法必须被遵守的决议的确成为了美国农业法案一部分。但不久之后, 活屠宰又继续。原来所拨的农业法案资金最终反被挪用到食品安全检查员去了。不过讲到最后，其实可以说都没有什么大不了。 因为没有受到人道法保护的动物, 是被屠宰牲口的99 ％, 因为人道法并不保护家禽和鱼类。

6 A meat diet dramatically raises your risk for heart attack, but in recent years you’re less likely to die from the trauma. Technology will probably save your life, leaving you to live with the consequences. In the case of congestive heart failure--an increasingly common outcome--your heart, now damaged, is unable to adequately circulate blood to the rest of your body, resulting in fluid build-up and organ damage. In the U.S., nearly 5 million people live with the condition, and about 550，000 new cases are diagnosed every year. The disease is the leading cause of hospitalization among the elderly, and hospital bills attributed to it total $29 billion annually.

6. 肉类饮食明显地提高您罹患心脏病风险，但现在您比较少会因此而死亡。因为科技可能会挽救你的生命，不过就要一辈子受苦。就以心肌梗塞来说, 这种越来越常见的后果, 你的心脏因受损后而无法充分地让你的血液在身体上流通，会导致积水和器官损伤。在美国，近5百万人有此症状，而每年约有55万宗新病例。这种疾病是导致老人住院的主要原因，每年花在有关此症状的医药费就将近290亿美元。

7. Pigs are naturally anything but dirty and brutish and, if given half a chance, display high intelligence. Ask Professor Stanley Curtis of Pennsylvania State University. He taught several pigs to understand complex relationships between objects and actions in order to play video games. Curtis, along with his colleagues, found these creatures to be focused, creative, and innovative--equal in intelligence to chimpanzees. Other researchers have found chickens to be good at solving problems, cows to respond to music, and fish to be as individualistic as dogs.

7. 不要看猪好像很肮脏又粗野，其实如果给它一点点机会，我们会发现它有挺高的智能。不信就问问宾夕法尼亚州立大学的柯蒂斯教授。他教几头猪了解物件之间的复杂关系, 然后让它们玩电视游戏。柯蒂斯和他的同事们发现，这些动物很专心,有创造性、会创新, 和黑猩猩的智能不相上下。也有其他研究人员发现鸡原来善于解决问题, 牛还真的对音乐作出回应！而鱼就跟狗两者具有其相同之独特个性。

8 Approximately 800 million people today live with chronic hunger, and 16，000 children die from hunger-related causes every day. Yet the world cycles nearly 43 percent of all the grain that is harvested through animals to produce meat. To get a feedlot steer to gain a pound, you need 7 pounds of corn. Likewise, additional pounds of pig, chicken, and farmed fish will cost you, respectively, 3.5, 2, and 3 pounds in feed. Of course, large portions of the added weight turn into inedible tissue, such as bones. The meat industry does endeavor to increase feed-to-flesh efficiency, but the “improvements” sadly come via genetic tinkering, growth enhancing drugs, and questionable feed.

8. 今天的世界, 大约有8亿人长期忍受饥饿, 每一天有1万6千个儿童死于跟饥饿相关之因由。然而，世界上近百分之四十三的谷类都用来供给农养牲畜。要使公牛加重一磅，您需用7磅的玉米喂食。同样地，每磅的猪、鸡和养殖鱼类的成本，分别为 3.5磅, 2磅和3磅饲料。很讽刺的，所增加的重量大部分都是不能被吃的身体部分，如骨头。肉类工业的确正在很努力地提高从饲料到肉的增长效率，可悲的是，这些“改进”都是通过基因的改造, 加上使用刺激生长的药物与一些令人怀疑的饲料。

9. About 25 million pounds of antibiotics are fed to U.S. livestock every year primarily for growth promotion. This is almost eight times the amount administered to humans. Though perfectly legal, the practice is leading to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and adding to the general worldwide crisis of drug-resistant disease. The consumption of meat contaminated with these superbugs raises the threat of human illnesses that physicians are unable to treat.

9在美国为了促进牲畜的生长，每年对其注射的抗生素约25万磅, 此为将近给人类注射药物的八倍。虽然这是完全合法的，但这种做法导致部分大肠杆菌对抗生素抵抗，也是造成世界抗药性疾病危机的其中一个原因。 若进食了感染“超级病菌”的肉类, 可能会得一些连医生都无法治疗的疾病。

10 Every year, Americans suffer from approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5, 000 deaths from something they ate. That something was probably of animal origin. The main culprits are E. coli, salmonella, listeria, and campylobacter. The annual cost to the U.S. for the top-five foodborne pathogens, all predominantly associated with animal-derived foods: $6.9 billion.

10.每年在美国由饮食引起的病例有七千六百万宗，住院32万次，死亡5千宗。所吃的可能都是来源于动物。 主要元凶是E. Coli 大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、李斯特菌及弯曲杆菌。美国前5名食源性致病菌都是跟肉食有关。 这些食源性疾病每年造成的医疗费用高达69亿美元。

11 Bypass surgery requires that your rib cage be opened, your heart stopped, and your body hooked up to an external pumping machine so a vein from some other part of your body can be removed and grafted as a replacement blood vessel to your heart. Memory, language ability, and spatial orientation remain impaired in 10 to 50 percent of bypass patients six months afterward. Side effects for some never go away. Gloom and depression affect between a third and three-quarters of patients. Many will require a second operation. A vegetarian diet, regular exercise, and spiritual nourishment have proven to reverse heart disease--the biggest killer in Western countries.

11. 做心脏搭桥手术的时候，首先需要打开您的肋廓，让您的心脏停止，将你的身体暂时连接到一个唧筒机器，好让医生把身体其他部分的静脉嫁接来替代您的心血管。百分之十到五十做过搭桥手术的病人在手术以后的六个月仍然未能恢复记忆能力，语言能力和方位感。 更有一些病人是终身都有这些后遗症。三分之一到四分三都病人后来都会受到忧愁和抑郁症的折磨。许多人还需要第二次手术。相形之下， 若坚持素食，定时运动，加上精神上的调理已证实可以扭转心脏病...西方国家的头号杀手。

12 To supply the corn and soybeans to feed the livestock to bring daily meat to America’s dinner plates has meant concentrated levels of pesticides, fertilizers, and farm chemicals contaminating many aquifers across the Midwest. Some towns have come to rely on their neighbors for fresher, though expensive, supplies of water. But a recent boom in cattle and pig operations has poisoned these stores as well, prompting plans for government-subsidized pipelines to link towns with major rivers. Some, however, see such costly schemes as ill-advised and the subsidized water as exactly what got the towns in trouble in the first place.

12.供应玉米和大豆饲料给牲畜，意味着美国人每天晚宴盘上的肉类都含有高浓度的农药与化学肥料，还有整个中西部地区许多地下含水层都受到农药的污染。，虽然比较昂贵, 有些城镇唯有依靠邻近城市供应比较干净的水。但近年养猪牛的兴盛, 使这些比较有干净水的地方也都被污染。 此兴盛促使政府计划来资助把城镇管道连接到主要河流去。有人看来却认为，这种昂贵的计划，不恰当的建议和来“补助”的水根本就是当初引起这些城镇问题的来源。

13 Eating a plant-based diet guards against disease: first in an active way with complex carbohydrates, phytochemicals, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Then by default: the more plant foods you eat, the less room you have for animal foods that clog arteries with cholesterol, strain kidneys with excess protein, and burden the heart with saturated fat. Clinical studies have shown that meat-free diets reverse diabetic symptoms and reduce cholesterol levels by about as much as the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs.

13. 以植物性为基础的饮食方法可预防疾病。 首先因为植物含有复杂的碳水化合物、植物营养素、抗氧化剂、维生素、矿物质和纤维。自然而然, 你进食的植物性食品越多，体内就剩下更少的空间让你进食那些带有阻塞动脉的胆固醇的动物性食物，还有那些增加肾脏负担的多余蛋白质，和增加心脏负荷的饱和脂肪。临床研究证明，素食可以扭转糖尿病症状，并可降低胆固醇指数， 效果跟使用降低胆固醇的药物不相上下。

14 Livestock production is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions measured in CO2 equivalent, a share 38 percent higher than that emitted by all the world’s vehicles. Domesticated animals worldwide are the source of 37 percent of all human-induced methane, with most of that coming from intestinal fermentation of ruminants. They also are the source of 65 percent of human-induced nitrous oxide, the great majority from manure. Methane and nitrous oxide are exceedingly more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. Livestock are also behind almost two-thirds of all human-induced ammonia emissions, which contribute significantly to acidification of ecosystems.

14. 以二氧化碳当量来衡量, 全球18%的温室气体排放量都来源于畜牧业生产，比世界上所有的车辆所排放的量高出38 ％。人为所产生的甲烷有37%都出于农养动物，其中大多数都来自反刍动物(多胃动物)肠道里的发酵作用。它们也占人为因素引起的氧化亚氮的65 ％，绝大部份来自这些农养动物之粪便。甲烷和氧化亚氮, 比起二氧化碳可是极其有力的温室气体。这些农养动物也是人类所引起的氨的三分之二的幕后凶手，其已显著地让生态系统酸化。

15 Governments try to regulate fishing gear, catch size, species, and fishing season, but usually without success. Perhaps the biggest single threat to global fish stocks is illegal, unreported, or unregulated (IUU) fishing, which, it is estimated, amounts to about a quarter of the world’s catch. In some locations, IUU fishing has been documented to amount to four times the legal catch. Efforts to combat piracy are fraught with obstacles, not the least being feverish world demand for fish. For pirates, the return on investment is well worth the risks of side-stepping fishing conventions, skirting surveillance, off-loading fish to other boats that “launder” the catch, and docking at complicit ports. Because when pirates are actually caught, the penalties tend to be inordinately light.

15. 世界各国政府尝试管制渔具，渔获的大小，物种和捕捞季节，但通常没有成功。也许全球鱼群的是最大威胁是非法，未受报告，或不受管制的捕鱼活动(总称IUU)。据估计，这占约世界捕鱼总量的四分之一。在一些地方记录到, IUU捕捞的数量是合法捕鱼的四倍。致力打击海盗活动是充满障碍的，再加上鱼的需求正在发狂发热。对于海盗来讲，非法捕鱼IUU投资回报率之高是远远超过所须冒的风险。 即使要违反渔业公约，避开监视器，将所捕之鱼装载于其他船只以便洗清其捕获之赃物，并靠岸于同谋的港口。这都是因为当海盗被逮捕后，往往多从轻发落。

16 Egg-laying hens in the U.S. are crammed into battery cages, each with 4 to 8 other birds, stacked in rows by the tens of thousands. Manure and rotting-carcass fumes billow up from below. Beetles form a layer over the waste. Some birds get loose and drown in the pit. Others get tangled in the wire and die of dehydration, then decompose, covered in bugs, while cage mates have no escape. Intense stress sets birds to attack one another. After 17 months of confinement, necks are covered with blisters, wings bare, combs bloody, and feet torn. By now, the birds are considered an expense and will be disposed of, expediently.

16. 在美国的产蛋母鸡都挤在层架式鸡笼里，每个笼装四到八只鸡，堆成数万行。粪便和腐烂尸体毒气不断地从下往上升。这些鸡的排泄物堆上长满了虫子。 若是从笼子跑出来的鸡， 往往会落入这些排泄物的坑内， 而被淹死。其他有些鸡的脚卡在铁笼之缝闲乃至脱水而死，后身体腐烂分解，上面又长满了虫子。 而笼里面的伙伴们, 就连逃脱的机会都没有。严重的精神压力让这些鸡像疯了一样互相打斗。 经过17个月的监禁，脖子上布满水泡，翅膀上的毛都掉

光，鸡冠上血淋淋的， 连脚也磨破了。这个时候, 这些母鸡便成了业主的财务负担, 而很快就被处理了。

17 Early in 2007, Consumer Reports tested 525 supermarket chickens from all across the U.S. and found only 17 percent free of both salmonella and campylobacter. Premium brands labeled “organic” or “raised free of antibiotics” actually harbored more salmonella than conventional ones. Most of the bacteria were resistant to at least one type of antibiotic, making food poisoning from eating poultry that much harder to treat. Some samples showed resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics.

17. 在2007年初，消费者报告会检测了525只来自美国全国各地超市的鸡只，竟然发现只

有17 ％的完全没有沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌。标示有“有机”或“无抗生素”的优质品牌 ，原来包藏更多沙门氏菌。大部分的大肠杆菌至少对一种抗生素有抵抗力，使因吃家禽而食物中毒的病例更难治疗。一些取样的大肠杆菌里还显示有对多种抗生素有抵抗力。

18 Two major studies have emerged recently that show the vegan lifestyle to be conducive to lower body weight. A Swedish study of 55，000 women and a British study of 65,000 men and women both found vegans to have lower BMIs (body mass index) and to suffer less often from obesity. Vegan food tends to be lower in calories by volume. And since plant-based fare is likely to contain abundant fiber, it satiates quicker.

18. 最近有两则较大的研究报告指出, 维根素食主义的生活方式有利于降低体重。在瑞典一个以5万5千名妇女, 和一个英国以6万5千名男女作的研究中, 均发现，素食者有较低的BMI（身体质量指数)，并比较少机会肥胖。素食里的热量往往低很多。而且由于以植物为基础的食物更有可能含有丰富的纤维，它让你能更快饱足。

19 Half of every butchered cow and a third of every butchered pig becomes either byproduct material or waste. And “mortalities” are integral to every feedlot and stockyard. What’s an industry to do with all this death and gore? Call the renderer straightaway! Recycling, they call it. Lips are exported to Mexico for taco filling; horns are made into gelatin; other parts are fashioned into drugs, aphrodisiacs, and industrial ingredients. Much is dried to a tacky brown powder to be mixed into chicken and pig feed. The rest is minced, pulverized, and boiled down for cosmetics and household products. Essentially, assume slaughterhouse byproduct is all around you.

19. 每只被屠杀的奶牛的一半都成为副产品或废物, 猪的三分之一也是。“死亡”与每一个牲畜养殖场是不可分离的。这个行业又怎么会跟死伤搭上了线？马上打电话给那专做熬油的吧！他们都称之为废物利用啊！这些牲畜的嘴唇都出口到墨西哥当墨西哥卷饼(Taco)的馅料;牛角制成明胶; 其他部分就有的用来造西药，有的变成春药，还有的做工业原料。大部分的这些屠宰后之副产物被烤干， 磨成粉后， 变成鸡和猪的饲料。其余就切碎后粉化，并经煮熬成为化妆品和家用产品。基本上，你可以大胆的假设你身边都是屠场出来的副产品。

20 Of all the animals in America who suffer cruelty, 95 percent of them are farmed animals. Designated as economic units, they have conveniently been stripped of all protections against abuse. At the federal level, the Animal Welfare Act simply does not apply to farmed animals. At the state level, where laws might pick up the slack, anti-cruelty statutes are either not enforced or have, in recent years, been re-written to exclude farmed animals. In the case of the latter, if a farming practice is established as “accepted，” “common，” “customary，” or “normal”--no matter how inhumane--anti-cruelty protections are overridden. In essence, it’s the criminals dictating the laws to suit their designs.

20. 在美国遭受残酷对待的动物中, 其中95％都是农养牲畜。它们被定为经济生产的单位，所以也轻而易举地被剥夺了所有用来防止虐待的保护。从美国联邦的层面来看，动物福利法根本不适用于养殖动物。在州政府层面来看，本来可弥补联邦不及的地方, 其反残酷法规要不没有被强制执行，要不就在近几年被重写至不再保护农养动物了。如果这些畜农的做法是列为“可接受的"、“普通的”、 “传统的”或“正常”的话, 那么不管他们的做法如何不人道, 反残酷法规对这些业主是无效的。一言蔽之, 法律均是罪犯自己来制定而肥润其身。

21 In the mid-1970s, chicken processors argued that in order to keep up with skyrocketing demand they should be allowed to merely rinse off fecal matter from bird carcasses rather than cut away affected parts. The government gave in to the processors’ request, and the rule stands to this day. A number of studies have since proved that rinsing carcasses, even up to 40 times, is ineffective at dislodging the filth. It’s something to know since the violent motion of factory defeathering rubber fingers not only works to squirt feces out from the carcasses, it can push filth deep into the crevices of the birds’ skin.

21. 在七十年代中期，鸡只处理业主争辩，说为了跟上暴涨的需求量，应该允许他们只冲洗鸟尸体上的粪便，而不需要切除其受感染的部分。政府对这些处理业主的要求居然让步。 直到今天, 此规定仍然不变。多项研究已证明，即使冲洗屠体40次，仍然是无法彻底清除污垢的。这其实是很值得提的, 因为工厂里的拔毛橡胶手指，因其运作力度过大, 不仅把粪便从屠体里挤出，而且会还把污物从裂缝中推进鸡的皮肤深处。

22 Several of the world’s mightiest rivers no longer reach the sea, and aquifer levels around the world are dropping by dozens, and even hundreds, of feet. Largely responsible is the fivefold increase in worldwide (water-guzzling) meat production that’s taken place over the last half-century, and the trend is not over. Producing a pound of animal protein requires about 100 times the water to produce a pound of vegetable protein. It takes about 1，300 gallons of water to produce a single hamburger. Seventy percent of the water that is pulled from the world’s rivers, lakes, and underground wells goes to agriculture, and 43 percent of the world’s grain goes to feed animals for meat.

22. 世界几个的最大的河流已不再连到海洋了，地下含水层的高度下降是以几十，甚至几百，英尺来计的。要负很大的责任的，是在过去半世纪增加了五倍的肉类生产，而且这种趋势还没有结束。产生一英镑的动物性蛋白质所需要用的水, 大约是生产一英镑的植物蛋白的所需要的100倍。生产一块汉堡饱大约需时1300加仑水。 世界上的河流，湖泊和地下井的水, 70%都用在农业, 而43%生产的谷类都变成农养牲畜的饲料以换取肉类食品。

23. Feedlot meat is a product of the oil age. When cheap oil is gone, cheap meat will be history. A pound of beef takes three-quarters of a gallon of oil to produce, according to National Geographic. A 1,250-pound steer essentially embodies 283 gallons of oil. Thirty-five calories of fossil fuel are needed to produce a single calorie of beef protein. By comparison, only two calories of fossil fuel are required to produce one calorie of tofu.

23. 农养肉是石油时代的一种产品。当廉价石油消失后，廉价的肉类将成为历史。 根据国家地理杂志, 一磅牛肉需四分之三加仑石油来生产。 一头1千2百50磅的犊牛，基本上体现了283加仑石油。 产生一卡路里热量的牛肉蛋白需要35卡路里的石化燃料。相比之下，一卡路里的豆腐只需要两个卡路里的石化燃料。

24 Today’s confined cattle live in their own excrement, which is the carrier of the deadly E. coli strain O157:H7. Caked-on manure will migrate to edible portions during dehiding, thanks to line speeds of 390 animals per hour and laborers who are not always properly skilled. Ground beef today is made up of mixtures of hundreds or even thousands of animals. The grinding process brings surface pathogens to patty interiors that may, down the line, not be cooked adequately. A univer-sity study found that O157:H7 may also be harbored in the interior of a solid piece of meat.

24. 现在的牛都生活在自己的粪便中，而这正是致命大肠杆菌E.Coli O157:H7的带菌者。 由于生产线速度高达每小时处理390只动物，加上不是每个工人都有适当的技术水准, 往往在剥皮的时候，牛的残留粪会转移到食用肉品部分。今天的碎牛肉是由数百甚至数千动物混合而成的。磨削过程中, 表面的病原体被带进肉品内部, 最后又可能没有被充分煮熟。一个大学研究发现, 一块的坚实肉内部也可能夹带着O157:H7大肠杆菌。

25 Wild salmon stocks in 20 Norwegian rivers have in recent years been wiped out by a parasite that first took hold in local aquaculture feedlots. Scotland’s river managers warned early in 2007 that one careless angler spreading the parasite could decimate Scotland’s wild salmon stocks as well. Pharmaceuticals and pesticides are typically added to all aquaculture pens to forestall disease and infection, sometimes doing neither and inadvertently causing environmental havoc.

25. 挪威在近年来有二十条河流的野生鲑鱼种群被一种寄生虫消灭。 这种寄生虫首先在当地的水产养殖场繁殖。在苏格兰经理河流的人士在2007年初警告，只要有一个不小心的渔夫把寄生虫传播, 即会大批杀害苏格兰的野生鲑鱼种群。水产养殖场的环境中通常都添加药品和农药，以防疾病和感染。 有时这样做不但没有效果, 而且还会无意中造成环境的破坏。

26 Birds are cheap and cages are expensive, so battery hens live out their dreary days in space just about the size of their own bodies. No hen gets to run, build a nest, enjoy a cleansing dust bath, protect a chick, forage in the sun, perch, fly, or even lift a wing. Instead, this creature will crouch and suffer and fend off the feather pulling of cage mates. And every egg that is laid will roll away down the slope of a wire floor, which will also cripple her legs and feet.

26. 鸡很便宜, 而鸡笼却十分昂贵，所以鸡笼里的母鸡每天都活在只有自己的身体大小的笼子里面。不能走跑，或建立一个巢，或享受用泥土来洗澡，或保护了雏鸡，或在阳光下找东西吃，也不能飞，或甚至伸展翅膀。反之，这生物要缩着，受苦, 还要挡开笼里其他同伴的羽毛。而且每一个生出来的鸡蛋都从倾斜的地板上滚下去, 往往把母鸡的腿跟脚都弄伤弄断。

27 The senseless waste of the world’s growing meat-centered diet is illustrated by a hypothetical statement put forth by the Population Reference Bureau: “If everyone adopted a vegetarian diet and no food were wasted, current [food] production would theoretically feed 10 billion people [49 percent more people than alive today], more than the projected population for the year 2050.”

27. 世界上以肉类为中心的饮食所产生的无意义浪费，可以用人口参考局一句假设性的声明来形容： “如果每个人都食用素食，又没有浪费任何食物，以当前的食物生产量， 理论上可以供养一百亿人（比今天活着的多49 ％), 比预计2050年的人口还多” 。

28 By some assessments, the H5N1 strain of bird flu, which originated in Asia and is now spreading across Europe and Africa, has the potential to disrupt life on planet Earth second only to global nuclear war. Others predict that if the strain mutates, perhaps just slightly, a bird-flu pandemic could kill more than 140 million people and put a halt to [U.S.]$4.4 trillion in world economic activity. Influenza pandemics generally come three times per century, and we’re overdue for our next. Any strain of influenza that humans contract, including H5N1, would scarcely exist if people had never domesticated poultry.

28. 据估计, 起源于亚洲的H5N1禽流感病毒株, 现正蔓延整个欧洲和非洲，其对地球的破坏力，仅次于全球核战争。而其他的估计，如果该菌株发生变异，或许只是轻微的，禽流感大流行可能会杀死超过一百四十万人，并让世界经济停顿, 损失可达4.4兆美元。流感之散播，一般每世纪来三次. 我们只经历了两次, 已经逾期了。 如果人类从来没有养家禽, 任何人类感染的流感菌株，包括 H5N1病毒，几乎不可能发生。

29 Every spring, neighbors of chicken feedlots in North Carolina desperately complain about the stench. It is then that ammonia-laden fumes from adjacent manure lagoons begin to permeate everything porous that they own: clothes, rugs, drapes, and hair--haunting them for weeks. But unlike the state’s infamous pork industry of 10 million hogs, poultry growing is virtually exempt from environmental regulation. For North Carolina’s 165 million tightly confined birds, there are no rules, because their waste is considered less noxious. But over a year’s time, the droppings and mortalities accumulate in pits below to about a foot deep and, to some, smell even worse than lagoons of pig excrement. Nearby wells become tainted from runoff, but it’s nearly impossible to trace this kind of pollution back to the polluter.

29. 在北卡罗莱纳州的每年春季, 鸡饲养场的邻居都拼命地抱怨其传出来的恶臭。载满了氨的烟雾从邻近的鸡粪集中池开始飘散渗透到每个角落：如他们的衣服，地毯，窗帘，和头发, 会让他们臭的数周都受不了。但跟此州所农养1千万头猪所臭名远播的猪肉产业有所不同，家禽数目的增长速度几乎不被环保规定所限制了。对北卡罗莱纳州的1.65亿笼养鸡, 并有没有限制任何规定，因为他们的粪便都被认为毒害较少。 但超过一年的时间，在坑里的粪便和死鸡的尸体堆积约一英尺深，对某些人来说，此恶臭比猪粪集中池更为难忍。附近的水井都被这些外泄的污水给污染，但像这样的污染, 几乎无法追溯到谁是罪魁祸首了。

30 A male calf born to a dairy cow: what’s a farmer to do with this by-product of the milk industry? If he is not kept for breeding stock or immediately slaughtered or factory-produced for meat, the calf will be raised for fancy veal. To this end, he will be locked up in a stall and chained by his neck to prevent him from turning around for 16-weeks until slaughter. He’ll be fed a special diet without iron or roughage. He’ll be injected with antibiotics and hormones to keep him alive and to make him grow. And he’ll be kept in darkness except for feeding time. The result: a nearly full-grown animal with flesh as tender and white as a newborn’s.

30. 奶牛生下了公牛犊, 农民对这个奶业的副产物如何做法？如果它不是被保存做繁殖用, 或立即屠宰成肉食的话，此小牛将被饲养成为花式小牛肉。为此，他将被关在畜舍里, 用铁链锁着他的脖子，以防止他从扭转, 如此经历16周，直至屠宰。他会被喂食一种特殊饮食, 即无铁质也无粗粮。又被注射抗生素及激素让他活着，并使其快速成长。 除喂食时间, 他将被关在在暗室中。结果是：一只几乎发育完全的动物, 其肉还是软软白白的初生之犊一般。

31 The world’s exploding human population, combined with its sagging ability to feed itself, appear to be on a collision course. The Green Revolution, which facilitated much of the recent growth, has clearly stalled out. Indeed, cereal availability per capita has been declining since 1984, and the “promise” of biotech is far from certain or free of risk. Today, 70 percent of grain in the U.S. and 43 percent of grain worldwide lavishly go to feed livestock. And just as the world clamors for more grain to feed to animals, so people can eat them, per-capita world cropland declined by 20 percent in the 1990s alone. The World Health Organization says 800 million people in the world live with chronic hunger. More meat production is definitely not the answer.

31. 世界人口爆炸，再加上其自我养活能力的衰退，真不知道何时此两个问题会撞在一块儿！而曾经促进了近代增长的绿色革命，如今已明显的停摆了。事实上，自1984年以来， 平均每人可得之谷粮指数一直在下降，生物科技领域所允许下的“承诺”还远远不能确定, 而且不是没有风险的。今天, 在美国70 ％的谷粮，及全世界43 ％的粮食都奢侈地用来喂养牲畜。 世界喧闹地要给予动物更多的粮食饲料，以便人们可以吃它们的肉。 正当此同时, 仅在九十年代世界每人平均可耕地面积就下降了20 ％ 。世界卫生组织说, 世界上有8.0亿人长期生活在饥饿中。生产更多的肉类铁定不是正确答案。

32 A USDA inspector, part of an ABC Primetime investigation, clandestinely filmed a plant that processes a million pounds of chicken for schools each year. The investigator found carcasses laden with yellow sores and fecal matter and machines caked with harmful residues. The plant had repeatedly failed salmonella tests. Some of the cheapest, most unsanitary meat tends to be sold to schools.

32. 据美国广播公司黄金时段 (ABC Primetime) 的调查，一位美国农业部检查员秘密地拍摄了一家为学校每年处理100万英镑的鸡肉工厂。调查发现, 工厂里到处都是被黄疮和粪便覆盖的死鸡尸体, 还有布满了有害残留物的机器。该厂曾多次不通过沙门氏菌的测试。而这些最廉价，最不卫生的肉类往往便出售给学校， 是极为泯灭良心的作法。

33 Bestiality is integral to pork, turkey, and dairy operations. Numerous Web sites instruct in the craft of artificial insemination. Sample excerpts follow: As he sniffs around, put on disposable gloves. If he has mounted the stool, he will begin thrusting movements. With a gloved hand, rub his sheath. Now reach for the cup. The penis will erect and start to enter your clenched hand. Continue to hold the penis until the boar withdraws. The end of ejaculation is determined by a bouncing of the penis. With the sow, a stockperson must mimic some of the stimulation normally provided by a boar, that is, back pressure and flank and udder rubbing. When the lips of the vulva are gently parted, insert the catheter.

33. 兽恋症与猪肉，火鸡肉，和乳制品的行业务原来是息息相关的。 大量网站正在传授人工工授精的技术。以下摘录了一个例子：当看到它闻来闻去的时候，工人就马上带上抛起式的手套。如果它爬上了凳子上，他将开始抽插运动。一个戴手套的手，搓它的鞘。现在快拿一个杯。它阴茎将勃起并开始进入工人紧握的手。继续握着阴茎，直到公猪缩回。阴茎的弹跳表示射精完毕。至于母猪, 工作人员必须模仿一些通常由公猪所提供的刺激作用，那就是背压和摩擦乳房。当外阴唇轻轻打开 ，即插入导管以完成人工受精。

34 The late parent advisor Dr. Benjamin Spock maintained that cows’ milk “causes internal blood loss, allergies, and indigestion and contributes to some cases of childhood diabetes.” In the last edition of his famous baby book he recommended, essentially, that children adhere to a vegan diet after the age of two. But he did not recommend dairy milk for babies either. According to renowned nutrition researcher T. Colin Campbell, “Cows’-milk protein may be the single most significant chemical carcinogen to which humans are exposed.”

34. 已故的父母顾问, 本杰明史巴克博士 (Dr. Benjamin Spock) 认为，奶牛的牛奶“会导致身体内部失血，产生过敏，消化不良，并有机会导致儿童糖尿病。”在他著名婴儿书的最新版本中，他建议儿童两岁以后应该坚持纯素食饮食。但他也没有建议给婴儿食用牛乳制品。著名的营养研究员汤．科林坎贝尔 (T. Colin Capbell) 说, 牛奶蛋白可能是人类所常接触唯一最可怕的化学致癌物。”

35 University research asserts that the feeding of approximately 10 million tons of poultry litter to U.S. cattle and other livestock every year is safe. But the mere presence of wasted feed in the mix, which otherwise includes excreta, carcass parts, bedding, and feathers, could include the stray remains of cattle. This would seem to violate the 1997 USDA rule that no cow is to eat the flesh of other cows, instituted to thwart the spread of mad cow disease. Also, poultry litter needs to be properly composted to neutralize microbial toxins--in practice not always done. Furthermore, livestock, so fed, need sufficient time to flush out veterinary medications that might have tainted the litter. Finally, feeding poultry litter to livestock provides one more vector for the spread of bird flu.

35. 美国大学的研究竟然声称，每年给美国的牛和其他牲畜喂养1千万吨鸡粪，是很安全的。在饲料中混入的杂物包含了排泄物，残余尸体，鸡窝的材料, 和羽毛，而且可能包括牛的残余粪便/尸体。按道理说，这应该违反了1997年美国农业部所规定的，牛不可以吃其他牛的肉，以防疯牛病。此外，鸡粪需要得到适 当处理来中和粪便内微生物毒素, 然而在现实中并非总是这样做。此外，被喂食鸡粪的牲畜需要足够的时间来排出藏匿在鸡粪的兽医药物。最后，用鸡粪喂养家禽, 又为禽流感扩散提供了一个管道。

36 Beef cattle are best suited to moist climates, such as those in Europe where their ancestors evolved. But ranchers in America’s West continue the destructive tradition of herding their animals on the nation’s most arid land. Grazing destroys ecologically regenerative riparian zones. According to a recent U.N. report, “the livestock sector may well be the leading player in the reduction of biodiversity…as well as one of the leading drivers of land degradation, pollution, climate change, overfishing, sedimentation of coastal areas, and facilitation of invasions by alien species.”

36. 肉牛是最适合在潮湿的气候的地方，如欧洲，即其他们的祖先生活的地方。但美国的牧场业主坚持其破坏性的传统, 而把牲畜放牧于国家最干旱的土地。放牧破坏了原来具有再生能力的河岸区。根据联合国最近的一项报告, “畜牧业很可能是导致生物多样性下降的罪魁祸首，又是土地流失、污染、气候变化、过度捕捞、沿海地区的泥沙淤积，和促成外来物种入侵的主要因由”。

37 Adopting a high-protein fad diet may help you lose weight in the short run, but so might chemotherapy, food poisoning, or serious illness. If health is what you desire, you’re eventually going to have to learn how to eat. Resoundingly, the American Heart Association and other major health organizations warn people against the Atkins and other low-carb diets, because they can cause fatigue or dizziness and strain the kidneys. Often unbeknownst to the dieter, these diets induce dehydration. Also, upping fat and lowering carbohydrate intake has been found to impair brain function over time.

37采用高动物蛋白质的饮食时尚虽可以帮助您在短期内减肥，但化疗、食物中毒、或生重病亦有同样的效果。如果你渴望身体健康，到最后还是要学习正确饮食方法。曾经轰动一时的新闻， 美国心脏协会和其他主要健康组织曾警告, 那些采用阿特金斯和其他低碳水化合物饮食方法的民众，因为这些饮食方法可能导致疲劳或头晕和对肾脏造成严重负荷。节食者往往不知道，这些饮食方法会引起身体脱水。此外，长期增加脂肪和减少碳水化合物的摄取, 已被发现会损害脑功能。

38 Genetics through single-trait selection has become as important a component of today’s intensive farming as drugs and confinement hardware. The animals themselves, right down to their DNA, must stand up to the rigors of the industrial process, both in life and in carcass form. They must produce at breakneck speeds and do so on as little feed as possible. And ultimately, the particular output they unwillingly give forth must please our final end user, the consumer, in texture, taste, uniformity, convenience, and price. Mutant genes that would never survive in the wild are cultivated to monstrous ends.

38. 通过选择单一特征的遗传学，已与今天的密集式农业， 药物研究， 和关动物器具的改良具有同等重要地位。从动物身体外表，一直到他们的DNA , 都必须面对如此苛刻的农产过程，无论是活的时候, 或是死了以后。他们必须以惊人的速度生产, 而且用的饲料越少越好。最后，他们辛辛苦苦生产出来的, 在质地、味道、产品一致性、方便性及价格上, 都必须讨好我们的最终用户 – 消费者。这些基因突变的生物原本无法生存于大自然的， 但现在却被业主恐怖的大量繁殖。

39 Officially, Wildlife Services, a program of the USDA, prevents “damage to agriculture.” Never mind that agriculture is hugely damaging to wildlife, this multi-million-dollar perq for cattle ranchers exists primarily to exterminate species thought to spread disease and to eradicate predators. Non-target wildlife is often caught in the cross-hairs. Wildlife Services agents shoot, poison, gas, electrocute, and lethally trap millions of mammals and birds on public land where only 3.8 percent of the nation’s beef is even derived. The methods are often cruel and excessive and even ineffective. The program has decimated populations of grizzly bears, mountain lions, moose, elk, buffalos, and coyotes. Recently, an intriguing global study actually found that predators inflict negligible damage to ranching operations.

39. 美国农业部有一个计划用来防止“损害农业”，叫做野生动物服务。 农业发展对野生动物造成如何严重的破坏不要紧，这计划所资助于牧牛业主的几百万美元, 主要是用来赶尽杀绝那些被认为会传播疾病的物种及消灭肉食动物的。很多本来不要杀的野生动物往往也会被击毙。野生动物服务人员使用的手段包括射杀，施毒气, 电击，设陷阱，所杀的是以百万计的哺乳动物和鸟类, 而这下手的地方其实只占美国牛肉来源的3.8 ％。其手段往往是残酷而且是胡作非为，甚至无效。该计划已经大批杀害了灰熊、山狮、驼鹿、麋鹿、水牛和胡狼。最近，一个耐人寻味的全球性研究发现，其实肉食动物对畜牧造成的损害是微不足道的。

40 Many Americans are not getting enough magnesium. Deficiencies can cause irritability, seizures, delirium, depression, abnormal heart rhythms, spasms of the coronary arteries, anemia, blood clots, abnormal blood pressure, and even death. Where do you get this vital nutrient?--whole grains, fruits, dark-green leafy vegetables, nuts, and, best, raw cacao.

40. 许多美国人都缺乏镁的摄取。缺乏镁可导致烦躁不安、抽搐、精神错乱、抑郁、心律不正常、冠状动脉痉挛、贫血、血液凝块、异常血压, 甚至死亡。从那些食物可以得到这个维持生命重要的养分? 全谷类、水果、深色绿叶蔬菜、坚果，还有最好的, 生的可可豆。

41 Results from two major studies involving tens of thousands of subjects--one in the UK (University of Leads, 2007), the other in the U.S. (Nurses’ Health Study, 2006)--suggest that the more red meat a woman eats the more she is at risk for breast cancer, regardless of her age. Suspected culprits include saturated fat, growth hormones fed to cattle, heme iron (only in red meat), and heterocyclic amines (carcinogens produced during the cooking process).

41. 两个涉及数以万计被试者的主要研究, 一个在英国（Unversity of Leads, 2007年） ，另外一个在美国（护士健康研究, 2006年), 分别得出结果提出，无论如何年龄的女人，若吃红色肉类等越多, 罹患乳腺癌风险越高。科学家怀疑祸因主要包括饱和脂肪，喂给牛吃的生长激素，血红素铁（仅在红肉中找到)，杂环胺（在烹调过程中产生的致癌物质)。

42. When faced with a flock of spent hens, an egg farmer may choose to induce production again by way of a forced molt--accomplished with starvation and water deprivation for periods of up to two weeks. No U.S. law prevents this heinous practice. Some major U.S. producers have phased it out but then need to bring twice the number of hens into production for the same number of eggs.

42. 当鸡农面对着一群精疲力尽的母鸡，鸡蛋农业主可能会再次选择强迫蜕皮的诱导生产法 － 强迫停止喂食这些鸡只食物和水, 长达两周。美国法律并没有阻止这令人发指的做法。美国一些较大的蛋农业者已经逐步淘汰此作法，可是要生产相同数量的鸡蛋就需要双倍的母鸡才可以。

43 Fish make vibratory sounds with various “calls” that researchers have identified as communicating alarm and aggravation. They possess fully formed nervous systems as well as complex social behaviors. They are also capable of learning complicated tasks. British researchers discovered in 2003 that fish have the cerebral mechanisms to feel pain. As one animal activist once put it, “Fish are not merely vegetables that can swim.”

43鱼类通过振动发出的声音来作不同的“呼喊”, 研究人员已将此认同为警报和恼怒的传达。他们拥有完整的中枢神经系统，以及复杂的社会行为。他们也能够学习做复杂的活动。2003 年，英国研究人员发现, 鱼类有大脑结构以感觉痛苦。 一个动物保护主义者曾经说过, “鱼不只是会游泳的蔬菜”。

44. In America today, only four companies slaughter 59 percent of all the hogs, only four companies slaughter over 83 percent of all the cattle, and only two companies slaughter nearly 60 percent of all the chickens. At the farm level, the trend over recent decades has been for many fewer operations to produce many more animals. In 1967, for example, there were over a million hog farms. By 1998, the number fell to 114，000. The trend has funneled many of America’s farmers into contract, or franchise-like, arrangements that strictly take choices about herd densities, feed, and veterinary care away from them. The changes have ushered in a polluted landscape, a host of new pathogens, and a hell on Earth for the animals.

44.在美国的今天，光是四家公司就屠宰了全国59 ％的猪只；光是四家公司就屠宰超过美国83 ％的牛只； 光是两家公司就屠宰将近60 ％的鸡只。至于小本经营的农场业主, 近数十年来已越来少，而相反的， 所生产的动物却越来越多的。举例来说, 在1967年就有超过一百万个猪农场， 而到1998年，数量却下降至十一万四千个。此趋势让美国许多农民变为合同化或连琐经营化一样的安排，严格的安排畜群密度和饲料, 还把原来被兽医照料之褔利给剥夺。 这些改变带来了充满污染的自然景观，一大群新的病原体，和为动物建的人间地狱。

45 The 18th century philosopher Jeremy Bentham challenged the world about animals with his famous quandary: “The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?”. Curiously, science is every day discovering that in fact animals do all three: reason, communicate, and suffer. The differences between animals and humans are being blurred with every revelation. Man’s closest relatives share over 98 percent of our DNA, and all animals, including man, are related by a common ancestor. Today’s question must now be, can we humans use our known capacity for logic, communication, and empathy to take animals off our plates?

45. 十八世纪的哲学家本瑟姆 (Jeremy Bentham) 以他著名的问题为动物挑战世界： “问题不在于，他们可以思考吗？也不是，他们可以讲话吗？而是，他们可以感受痛苦吗？”。奇怪的

是，科学是每天都发现，其实这三点动物都有：思考，沟通和感受痛苦。每一个研究均显露人类与动物之间的分别越来越不明显了。与人类最相近的动物其基因与人有98 ％相同。 所有动物，包括人类，都拥有一个共同的祖先。今天的问题是，我们可以使用人类已知的逻辑能力、沟通能力以及同情心来停止食用动物的肉吗？

46 Arsenic has been a common additive in factory chicken feed for nearly 50 years. It is used to kill parasites, reduce stress, and promote growth in the birds. The practice has long been deemed safe. Recently, however, scientists have found that the substance turns carcinogenic rather quickly after application. Arsenic-imbued manure becomes toxic to the environment when spread as fertilizer. The risk for those who ingest the meat of treated birds is, in fact, worse than once thought, particularly since exposure to arsenic is cumulative and people are eating three times the chicken they once did in the 1960s.

46. 砷 (砒霜) 在近50年来已成为鸡饲料工厂中的一个普遍的添加剂。其目的是用来杀死寄生虫，减少鸡的精神压力，并促进其生长。 这种做法长期以来一直被视为安全。不过，最近科学家发现，这种物质在使用后迅速的变成致癌物质。当砷感染的鸡粪被作为肥料散播时, 它便变成有害于环境。对于摄取经处理过的鸡肉, 事实上，后果都比以前想的严重。 特别是因为砷在身体里是累积的, 加上现在人们吃鸡肉的量是六Ｏ年代的三倍。

47 If you like the idea of being welcome at the places where your food is produced, don’t count on your not-so-local poultry grower allowing you, the consumer, to view his massive sheds of monocultured birds any time soon. Without natural immunities that could otherwise be acquired by outdoor life, his flocks need to be protected from the slightest infection. When operators are even slightly lax in applying rigorous measures of “biosecurity，” a case of the sniffles in one bird can escalate to a mass outbreak, forcing a giant cull involving millions of birds.

47. 如果你喜欢生产食品的地方来欢迎你的参观，短期内都别指望那些非本地家禽农养者, 能够让您这消费者，查看他的大规模的鸡舍。失去原来可以通过户外生活所得的免役力，业者的鸡群必须受到连丝毫感染都不允许的保护。严厉的“生物安全”措施, 当经营者只要略有松懈, 一只鸡大喷涕就可以扩张为大规模的传染，迫使业者展开出一场涉及以百万计家禽的庞大扑杀。

48 Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer in the world, slaughtered 27 million pigs in 2005. Pound for pound this number represents, in equivalent human weight, the combined population of the 32 largest U.S. cities yet only 26 percent of all the pigs that are slaughtered in the country as a whole. North Carolina’s pigs alone emit the waste-equivalent of 40 million people, and essentially none of it is treated.

48. 世界上最大的猪肉生产商, 士美非路食品 (Smithfield Foods), 于2005年屠宰的猪达两千七百万。以人类重量来比较，这个数字等于美国头三十二个大城市人口的总合，但其实只是全美国被屠杀的猪的百分之二十六。 仅仅在北卡罗莱纳州的猪只，所排放的废水量就相当于四千万人的份量，而且基本上从未受过污水净化处理。

49 A study of 49 island countries found 55 percent of their coral reefs overfished. To sustainably harvest the million metric tons of fish taken annually from the islands, 30，000 square miles more of reef--or the equivalent of nearly four Great Barrier Reefs--would be needed. Demand for reef fish is largely coming from Hong Kong traders, who are now supplying a burgeoning market in Mainland China. Reef fish take 5 to 10 years to reach breeding age and so are particularly vulnerable. Fishers capture the fish, live, using cyanide, destroying coral in the process; 75 percent of the fish die even before getting to their market destinations.

49. 一个针对四十久个岛屿国家的研究发现, 百分之五十五的珊瑚礁区已被过度捕捞。 如果要持续现在这每年以百万吨计的捕鱼量, 我们需要有三万平方英里以上的珊瑚礁, 相当于四个大堡礁。 珊湖礁鱼类的需求，主要是来自于香港商人，因现要供应给中国大陆急速增长的市场。珊湖礁鱼类需要5年至 10年才能达到繁殖的年龄，所以此鱼群特别脆弱。渔民利用氰以活捕鱼，破坏到珊瑚是难免的。 百分之七十五的鱼在还没到达目的地市场就死了。

50. According to one study, when diabetics eat copious amounts of fiber they are able to control their blood-sugar levels significantly. Fiber, which is found only in plants, helps people to lose weight because of its ability to satiate. According to a European study of 400，000 people, a high-fiber diet can slash the risk for deadly cancers by up to 40 percent.

50. 据一项研究，当糖尿病患者吃大量的纤维素时他们便能显著地控制其血糖水平。这只有在植物中才能找到的纤维有助减肥，因为它能够使人饱足。 欧洲以四十万人做的一项研究，结果发现高纤维饮食能将患得致命癌症的风险降低百分之四十。

51 About a decade ago the government began imposing manure-handling controls on the nation’s confined animal feeding operations. The rules, which now regulate only 40 percent of the nation’s largest feedlots, have not only been laughably overdue in their implementation but have amounted to nothing more than permits to pollute as usual. And the vast majority of the nation’s mostly moderate-sized livestock operations are simply urged to follow recommended guidelines voluntarily. In 2004, the EPA granted a sweetheart deal to 130 companies representing thousands of mega-feedlots when it allowed them amnesty from the Clean Air Act in exchange for scientific monitoring. Other facilities across the country are now in line for exemptions from Superfund lawsuits.

51. 约十年前开始，美国政府对监禁式的动物饲养方法施加粪便处理管制。虽然该规定现在只有管理到全美百分之四十最大的养殖场，这不仅被业者嘲笑着逾期执行，而且现已成了合法的污染许可证。至于对付中型饲养场， 绝大多数时候只是呼吁他们要自愿地依照这项规定的指南。 在2004年，美国环保局作了个很讨好的协定： 对拥有成千上万个巨型饲养场的130公司实行大赦，从此他们不再受到清洁空气法案的管制， 而政府就得到科学监测权。很多其他工厂现在也在排队来获得此项能豁免于类似此例之超级基金诉讼了。

52 Animal agriculture routinely mutilates farmed animals for its own convenience and often simply out of habit. Debeaking, branding, castration, ear notching, wing and comb removal, dehorning, teeth clipping, and tail and toe docking are ever-present tasks on today’s farm and ranch. Laborers, not veterinarians, perform the surgeries, employing restraint, not anesthesia.

52. 牲畜业者为图方便， 惯例地毁伤农养动物，而且往往只是出于获得其经营上之利益方便。 例切喙尖、打烙印、阉割、耳切缺口、切除翅膀和鸡冠、 去角、，裁剪牙齿、尾部和脚趾在今天的农场和牧场都是经常存在的。 执行手术的是工人, 而不是兽医， 执行时是将动物捆绑， 而不是施用麻醉。

53 Male chicks are a bothersome expense to the egg producer. Sexers must be hired to pick them out for diversion to expedient deaths. No law protects them as they are dumped in trash bins to die by crushing, suffocation, starvation, and exposure.

53. 饲养小公鸡是令鸡蛋生产商烦恼的费用，商人必须请专人挑选它们出来，隔离到其它地方， 以让其较快死亡。即使他们被弃置于垃圾桶而被压死、窒息、饿死、和曝晒而死, 没有任何法律可以保护他们。

54. Fish and shellfish farming, or aquaculture, is no less disruptive to the environment than taking fish from the wild. Shoreline pens replace mangroves, that is, the habitats where wild fish would otherwise reproduce. Some farmed species will not breed in captivity, so fish farmers must steal juveniles, who never get a chance to reproduce, from the wild. There are numerous cases where farmed fish have escaped into the wild, corrupting the genetic purity of native species and spreading disease. Indiscriminate biomass fishing for fishmeal threatens ecosystems. Feed-to-flesh ratios soar in some farmed species to 25 to 1. Nitrogenous waste poisons the seabed floor below cages that hold fish in unnatural densities.

54. 饲养鱼类及贝壳类动物之水产养殖业， 对环境造成破坏的不比捕野生鱼少。海岸线围栏取代红树林，就是原来野生鱼可以用来繁殖的栖所。一些养殖品种于圈养的环境下不会繁殖，因此，养殖户必须从野外窃取小鱼，而这些小鱼就永远都没有机会在野生环境中繁殖了。很多时候，养殖鱼类会外逃到野生环境中，破坏了当地物种的基因纯度，并传播疾病。为了制造鱼饲料而大肆滥捕鱼类已威胁到生态系统。一些养殖鱼种所须之饲料比上所获得之鱼肉的比例竟然上升至25 : 1。 因养殖鱼的密度过高, 含氮的鱼粪/排泄物将海床毒染了。

55 Between 1980 and 2004, meat production in the developing world tripled, today amounting to well over half of the world’s output. Dense concentrations of corralled industrial livestock, which create vast quantities of manure, now skirt the edges of major cities in Asia and Latin America, causing severe environmental damages.

55. 从1980年到2004年间，开发中国家的肉类生产量剧增三倍，在今日此数字以达世界产量的一半以上。密集的工业式牲畜养殖场，造成了大量的动物粪便，现已布满于亚洲和拉丁美洲的各大城市的边缘，且造成了严重的环境破坏。

56 People who eat a lot of fish are increasingly falling victim to the debilitating effects of mercury poisoning. Women, in particular, are putting their babies at risk for irreparable brain damage when they eat seafood high in mercury while pregnant and even beforehand. According to the EPA, about 630，000 newborns in the United States every year--roughly 15 percent of all--may be exposed to dangerous levels of mercury in the womb.

56. 人若吃鱼多了， 将会增加成为水银中毒罹难者之机率。特别是妇女， 怀孕期时，甚 至在怀孕前，大量摄取海鲜会增高婴儿脑损伤的风险， 而且是无法挽回的。据美国环保局报告，在美国每年约有六十三万新生儿，大约占总数的15%，可能在子宫里接触到的水银指数会达到危险程度。

57 Hoof-and-mouth disease is rarely fatal for livestock, but it remains a death sentence just the same. When blisters form on hooves and lips, and growth slows because of fever, economics prescribe execution and incineration. In 2001, Great Britain responded to an outbreak by destroying nearly 6 million mostly healthy cattle, sheep, and pigs at a cost of [U.S.]$9 billion to save its export trade. There were actually only 2，030 known cases of the disease. The rest were exterminated to provide buffers to contain the outbreak.

57. 牲畜的口蹄疫病是很少会使它们致命，但最终还是难逃被判死刑之命运。 当畜牲的蹄和嘴张出水泡时， 其增长速度会因发高烧而因此减缓， 从畜农的经济利益作法， 便是将这些畜牲处死， 而后焚化。 在2001年，英国对此病症爆发作出的回应是，为了挽救其出口贸易， 杀死将近六百万头牛、羊、猪，而其中大部分都是健康的， 在经济上损失共九十亿美元。实际上，当时只发现两千零三十宗的病案。其余被无辜杀死的都只是为了控制疫情。

58 Several years ago, a New York Times story featured an Ohio schoolteacher who discovered that a “swirling poison” invaded his home from a nearby hog farm and “robbed him of his memory, his balance, and his ability to work. It left him with mood swings, a stutter, and fistfuls of pills.” His diagnosis: irreversible brain injuries from hydrogen sulfide gas. But the source of the H2S was half a mile away. Only after visits to 14 doctors was the cause of his symptoms determined. Surprisingly low levels of the gas will eat the brain over time. Neighbors of industrial hog farms will also experience diarrhea, nosebleeds, earaches, lung burns, chronic sinusitis, asthma, and corroded lungs.

58. 几年前，纽约时报的一个精选故事讲述， 俄亥俄州的教师发现， 一种“头昏眼眩毒药” 从附近的养猪农场入侵他的家， 并“夺取了他的记忆，他的平衡，和他的工作能 力。这给他造成情绪大起大落，口吃，和整天吃一大堆药的后遗症”。医生给他的诊断是：这是硫化氢气体导致的不可逆转的脑部伤害。但这硫化氢是来源半英里以外。看了14名医生才判断出导致此症状的原因。令人吃惊的是， 如此微量的毒气， 在长期吸入后， 竟造成脑部腐蚀伤害。如此的工业化养猪场附近的居民也会有腹泻，鼻出血，耳痛，肺灼伤，慢性鼻窦炎，哮喘，和肺部腐蚀。

59 Genetic manipulation has created monsters as well as monstrous suffering for farmed animals. Cloning threatens to jack up the misery yet another notch. Its general use is probably a ways off, provided it becomes commercially viable at all. Meanwhile, as the scientists tinker, their cloned creations will suffer from premature deaths and deformities, and the resultant meat and milk are sure to enter the human food supply.

59. 肆意改造动物基因创造了怪兽，也为农养动物带来了可怕的痛苦。动物复制之威胁又为此悲惨况加剧。动物复制在商业上的可行性不高， 要使它普及可能还是太遥远了。 但是， 作为科学家的修补专家，他们复制出来的生物都会过早死亡和出现畸形，而由此产生的肉类和牛奶是一定会进入人类的食物供应来源。

60 Before 1981, E. coli O157:H7 poisoning didn’t exist. Today, the deadly strain infects 80 percent of cattle on America’s feedlots. You can blame a change in feed for this. To make the animals grow five times the rate they would on hay, feedlot operators foisted a corn-based diet onto their charges and provided the perfect environment for O157:H7 to emerge. And now this terrible strain is regularly poisoning our raw veggies via cross contamination.

60.在1981年以前，O157 ： H7大肠杆菌中毒情形并不存在。今天，美国百分之八十的饲养场的牛只都感染了这致命的菌株。这一点, 饲料的改变应该受到责备。为了使动物成长速度比原来吃牧草的五倍，饲养场工作人员把饲料改为以玉米为基础，而此正是O157 ： H7大肠杆菌繁衍的最佳温床。 而现在，这个可怕的菌株正透过交叉污染之方式定期地毒化我们的原料蔬菜。

61 From the animal-feed breadbasket and feedlots of the nation’s Midwest, massive amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, and manure-runoff travel down the Mississippi River. This high-nutrient mix causes an eco-chain reaction that ends with microscopic organisms robbing oxygen from the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Marine life must relocate or suffocate. The phenomenon is known as hypoxia. Scientists have dubbed affected areas “dead zones.” Each summer the Gulf’s dead zone grows to an area the size of New Jersey. A recent U.N. report showed a 34 percent jump over 2 years in the number of dead zones--now 200 worldwide. Today, red tides (harmful algae blooms) line some coastlines of entire nations nearly without break. Soon, the hot real-estate properties around the world will be away from the waterfronts.

61 从动物饲料的粮仓和美国的中西部地区的饲养场，大量的化肥、农药、排泄物废水流进密西西比河里。这种高营养组合的引起了一个生态的连锁反应， 微生物从墨西哥海湾水域大量‘劫取’氧气。海洋生物不是迁徒就是志喜而亡。这种现象被称为缺氧。科学家们把受影响的这些海域称为“死区”(死亡海域) 。每年夏季此海湾的这些死区增大到新泽西州大小的面积。最近联合国报告显示，过去2年死区数字增长了34 ％, 现在世界上已有两百个。今天，红潮（一种有害的藻类快速成长区）在国家某些海岸线已连成一线，几乎没有缝隙。不久以后，世界各地的热门房地产物业的将要远离海滨地区了。

62 In what is still the most comprehensive study of diet and life-style ever made, the China Study found that the consumption of relatively small amounts of animal protein is linked to chronic disease. The findings from this grand epidemiological study are especially compelling because they allowed meaningful comparisons between populations with similar genetic backgrounds, yet with nonhomogeneous diets. All together, the China Study provides the ultimate vegetarian vindication.

62 比较起来， 关于饮食和生活方式上最全面的研究，还是中国所提出的一个研究发现。 原来摄取相对少量的动物性蛋白质与慢性疾病是息息相关的。这个伟大的流行病学研究结果特别引人注目，因为他们利用拥有类似遗传背景的，但又不均一饮食的种群， 来作一个有意义的比较。整个来看，此中国研究为素食主义提供了极大的辩护。

63 Fifty-two billion pounds of inedible byproduct (bones, fats, unusable hides, and cartilage) from America’s meat and poultry slaughterhouses is each year transmogrified by “renderers” into saleable adhesives, lubricants, chemicals, cosmetics, and processed food ingredients--a grisly but profitable side business of the flesh trade. This amount, however, does not include the 6 billion pounds of dead stock that accumulate on U.S. feedlots. It must also be dealt with. Unfortunately, only half of it is rendered and therefore processed safely. If buried, dead stock attracts vermin, leaches nitrogen and methane into the environment, and poisons the groundwater. If burned--usually the case when mortalities are catastrophic due to weather events or disease outbreaks--pyres will poison the air with dioxin. If composted, the process is often poorly managed, failing to adequately promote full decomposition and allowing vermin to carry disease off site.

63. 每年, 由美国的肉类及家禽屠房制造出来的五百二十亿英镑的不可食用的副产品（骨骼，脂肪，不可用的皮，和软骨）用熬油的方法变成商业产品，如: 胶粘剂，润滑剂，化学品，化妆品，或成为加工食品的材料 — 此为不禁可怕而且成了有利可图的肉类副业。此数字并不包括累积于美国饲料场里六亿英镑的牲畜尸体 。它们也必须被处理。不幸的是，只有一半是被安全地处理和熬油过。如果被埋的话，尸体即吸引害虫，在腐化过程中不仅释放出氮和甲烷，而且又毒害地下水源。如果畜牲死亡是属灾难性的，譬如因为天气恶劣或疾病暴发，那么通常尸体就会被焚烧。而这些焚烧之燃料会释放二恶英来毒害空气。如果这些动物尸体用来堆肥，此过程因往往管理不善，而未能充分促进分解，很容易引来害虫传播疾病。

64 Want the omega-3s in fish but would rather skip the mercury, PCBs, and dioxins? Well, push aside that fish altogether, and rediscover flax. Two tablespoons of ground flax daily give you all of the essential fatty acid you need with several bonuses: Flax seeds contain iron, zinc, and high-quality protein, plus almost all of the vitamins. They’re loaded with soluble fiber and are the best source anywhere of phytonutrient lignans. They ease symptoms of diabetes and even promote healthy brain growth in utero and in infancy.

64. 想要鱼的欧米茄3 油，但又不想要水银，多氯联苯，二恶英这些有毒物质？那么，把鱼推开一边吧，试一试亚麻子。每天食用二汤匙的亚麻子粉，就会提供你一天所需要的脂肪酸了，而且还有其他的好处呢！怎么说? 亚麻子含有铁，锌，和高品质的蛋白质，再加上几乎所有的维生素。装满了可溶性纤维的它还是植物营养素的木酚素的最好的来源。它可以纾缓糖尿病症状，甚至是促进胚胎和婴儿的脑部健康成长。

65 The state of Oregon has taken warnings about bird flu to heart, devising elaborate plans to deal with a “most likely scenario” pandemic. The state, which represents less than 1.3 percent of the U.S. population, has anticipated how tanker trucks hauling 38,000 pounds of liquid carbon dioxide can be obtained to kill as many as a million infected chickens and where an estimated 2，000 tons of chicken carcasses can be buried. The state is also ready for as many as 800，000 human illnesses, 9，700 hospitalizations, and 2，300 deaths.

65. 俄勒冈州非常认真地对待禽流感警告， 该州制定详细计划，以应付这个“最有可能发生的”的世界级传染病。这个只有美国国家人口1.3 ％的州，预期可以用货运卡车载运三万八千磅二氧化碳液体， 以杀死多达一百万受感染的鸡只。 据估计，两千吨的鸡可能会被掩埋。该州还准备好应付多达八十万个人感染，9700个病床，及2300人死亡之机率。

66 The meat industry doesn’t treat the causes of its problems, only the symptoms. When it imprisons massive numbers of animals in cramped stress-inducing cages, it provides the perfect breeding ground for deadly bacteria, which later infect the meat. Technologies to kill meat pathogens are now very big business. We have acidic-solution carcass misting, alkaline-solution sprays, steam/vacuum technology, high-temperature carcass washes, steam pasteurization, and chlorine applications, etc., ad nauseam. Some bug-fighting methods, such as food irradiation and sprays of antidotal viruses and probiotic bacteria, pose risks in themselves. And in the end, the meat still isn’t safe.

66. 肉类工业对待问题治标不治本。把大量动物监禁在狭小的铁笼里，拥挤的地方给牲畜得精神压力不在话下，这样的生存环境更为致命细菌提供了完美的孕育场所，且最终感染到肉类。现在用来对抗肉类病原体的科技是非常大的生意。我们有酸性溶液胴体雾化处理，碱性溶液喷雾剂，蒸汽/真空技术，高温胴体清洗，蒸汽杀菌，和加氯的消毒过程等，实令人作呕。有一些抗虫的方法，如食品辐照， 抗病毒和益生菌喷雾处理， 反而给这些肉类本身构成更多危险。 而且到最后， 这些处理过的肉类仍是不安全。

67 Most of America’s cows are not “Happy Cows，” in spite of what the California Milk Advisory Board might say in its nationally televised commercials. Many cows in the Western state spend their lives negotiating bogs of their own feces and urine. Elsewhere, they may be tethered at stanchions. All are inseminated annually to keep them lactating, and many regularly suffer painful udder infections. Thanks to calcium depletion and foot infections, slaughter occurs after only three or four lactation periods. The CMAB is a government agency and so is not subject to false-advertising laws.

67. 美国大多数的奶牛都已不是‘快乐牛’， 尽管加州牛奶谘询委员会在其全国电视商业广告这样的说。 在加州， 许多奶牛整辈子住在它们自己排放之粪便和尿液的沼泽地中。在其他地方，它们 可能都被束缚在支柱上 。为了持续它们的产乳期，每年都要帮它们人工受精，很多还常常要忍受乳房感染的痛苦。由于钙的耗竭和足部感染，只过了三个或四个产乳期他们就要被屠宰了。牛奶谘询委员会是政府机构， 所以是不受虚假广告的法律限制。

68 To choose industrial meat is to support a system that has long ago put family farmers out of business. Essentially, it is only the big players--those who bought into factory systems--who are feeding America. We do have lower prices at the retail level. But ultimately, what is the real cost of cheap meat? You need to factor in the $20 billion per year in government subsidies to commodity farmers, higher medical costs attributable to excessive diets, antibiotic resistance in common bacterial strains, a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, the inordinate need for oil for petrochemical fertilizers, and dwindling aquifers--the list goes on.

68. 选择工业肉类就是支持当初使家庭式经营农民失业的系统。基本上，只有那少数的几个投资到工厂系统的大玩家在喂养美国。在零售水平来看 , 我们的确有了较低的价格。但最终，廉价肉的真正成本是什么呢？您需要算进去每年政府补贴给商品农民的200亿美元，由于过度的饮食所引起的较高的医疗费用，一些普通菌株的抗药性提升，在墨西哥海湾的死区（前已提到），石油化肥的过度需要，和越来越少的含水层 － 例子不胜枚举。

69. In 2005, a $7.1 billion plan to prepare the U.S. for a bird-flu pandemic was instituted by the Bush administration. It included very little to help poor countries slow the spread of the H5N1 strain already on the march. Pharmaceutical companies would get most of the largesse in order to stockpile and develop speedier methods to develop appropriate vaccines for American citizens. In addition, President Bush proposed that he be given the power to impose essentially martial law on the land in the event that a pandemic actually came about. The number of countries with bird flu increased from 14 to 55 in 2006.

69.在2005年，布什政府制定的一个71亿美元的计划，为美国准备应付禽流感大流行。 其中很少包括用来帮助贫穷国家减缓H5N1病毒株的蔓延。制药公司将获得此大部分的慷慨资金， 以储存和研发更快捷的方法为美国公民发展适当的疫苗。此外，美国总统布什提出，万一这世界级流行病真的发生在美国， 他要有对此土地发布戒严令的权力。在2006年， 发生禽流感的国家已从14个增长至55个。

70 The number of foodborne outbreaks involving produce more than doubled between 1999 and 2004. But before you blame the veggies, it’s important to know that the contaminating pathogens are invariably those that hitch a ride on fecal matter. And we know plants don’t defecate. So what’s the story? It all gets down to one simple fact: Feedlot operators cannot afford to properly treat all the waste that their mammoth-size facilities generate, so they often divert the muck to the nearest waterway. Down stream, produce processors use the water as a rinse.

70 从1999年至2004年， 涉及蔬菜的食物中毒事件爆发多了一倍以上。但在责怪蔬菜之前，要知道，往往病原体都是藏在动物排泄的粪便中。我们知道，植物不排粪。 那究竟是什么一回事呢？这一切都由一个简单的事实开始： 饲养场经营者付不起处理由其庞大规模设施所产生之所有排放物之费用，所以他们常常把动物排泄物转移至最接近的水道去。而在下游, 蔬菜加工者正使用此水作为冲洗蔬菜用。

71 Today’s turkeys are unable to copulate on their own, thanks to selectively bred, freakishly huge breasts in the “toms.” The industry must use artificial insemination. The job is nearly as dehumanizing for the workers--who must work rapidly for long hours and low wages--as it is deplorable for the tortured breeder birds, who are essentially raped every week for 12 to 16 months until they are sent to slaughter.

71.今天的人工饲养火鸡已经无法自然地交配，这都须归咎于那选择性繁殖出来的巨大胸部雄性火鸡。业界必须使用人工授精。此工作对工人跟家禽一样的毫无人道： 时间长, 工作必须迅速，而赚的又是低工资; 而可悲的，受满折磨的种鸡鸟类，基本上在十二至十六个月里每星期都被强暴，直至被送往屠宰为止。

72 In most large commercial chicken slaughter plants the inverted heads of doomed birds are first plunged into an electrified brine bath. The current is set at a voltage just high enough to immobilize the birds and to promote bleedout without hemorrhage. It serves to minimize inconvenient flailing that would otherwise interfere with the slaughter process. The birds are not only sentient during slaughter but must also suffer the excruciating shock, sometimes twice.

72. 在大多数大型商业屠鸡场里， 被倒置的鸡头首先被投 进通电的热盐水中。电流是定在刚刚可以麻痹这些鸡只和促进放血而不导致其内出血的程度。它可以尽量减少麻烦的抽打，否则将妨碍整个屠宰过程。这些鸡只不仅在屠宰时候是有知觉的，而且必须承受的极痛苦的电击，有时两次。

73 Grass-fed beef is more eco-friendly than corn-fed, but supplies of it could never sustainably meet current consumer demand. Several guides are available to help seafood consumers “eat with a conscience.” But the species that are recommended would quickly run out if everyone ate them. Legally, “free-range” and “cage-free” designations are dubious to outright meaningless. At least one humane certification program was officially debunked. “Organic” has gone strangely industrial and is rightly tagged “ethically challenged.” Ultimately, to “eat green” and to “be kind，” one needs to go vegan.

73. 草喂牛肉比起玉米喂食是比较生态友好， 但它的供应永远无法持续满足目前的消费需求。有一些指南提供帮助海鲜消费者“有良心地吃” ，但如果大家都吃他们 , 所建议的物种会很快被吃光。在法律上， “放牧饲养”和“无笼”的标志是令人怀疑的，甚至毫无意义。至少有一个所谓人道的认证计划被正式地揭穿 。 “有机”这个词已经变成工业化了, 并且被理所当然地标记为“道德伦理上的难题” 。最终，要做到“吃绿”和“仁慈” ，还是要选择素食主义。

74 New York State’s Department of Environmental Conservation and its Department of Health have posted an Internet factsheet called “Eating Sport Fish.” The advice speaks for itself: No one should eat more than one meal of fish per week from any of the state’s fresh waters; chemical contaminants may be a problem; trim all fat; don’t consume cooking liquids. On the other hand, if you still want to enjoy the “fun” of sport fishing but don’t want to poison yourself, the factsheet recommends catch and release. But don’t tear out the hook--cut its leader, goes the advice. Also, avoid playing fish to exhaustion. Other states could post similar Web pages: nearly every state in the union has a mercury-in-rivers advisory.

74. 纽约州环境保育部和卫生署已经发布了一个所谓“食用运动鱼”的互联网简介。 此建议不言自明：任何人在一个星期内都不应吃多于一餐带有该州的淡水鱼，化学污染物可能有问题; 切去所有脂肪;不要食用烹饪鱼后之汤汁。但如果您仍然希望享受钓鱼运动的 “乐趣”，又不想毒害自己， 此简介建议钓到鱼后就释放。但不要把鱼钩拉出来 – 把线剪掉就好了, 建议完毕。此外， 这样可以避免将鱼的体力尽耗。其他州可能都有类似的网页: 几乎美国每一个州有‘河流中的水银’的忠告。

75 Okinawa has the healthiest and longest-lived people in the world, boasting the highest percentage of people who live to be a hundred years old. The super-seniors who inhabit the island tend to retain their mental keenness, and few need to live in nursing homes. Not surprisingly, they eat very little food of animal origin, according to a 25-year study on the island. Genes could take some of the credit, although today’s old folks are projected to outlive their children who have adopted Western eating habits.

75. 日本琉球群岛上住有在世界上最健康和最长寿的人，当地号称可以活到100岁高龄的比例是世界最高的。居住在该岛上的超级老人通常都还保留精神敏锐，而很少需要住在疗养院 。 根据一项在该岛上长达25年的研究, 发现他们所吃的很少是来自动物的，这并不令人惊讶。 遗传基因可能有一点影响， 但据预计今天的老人家会比其所采取西方饮食习惯的子女长寿。

76 As markets for animal-based foods become more global, “carnivore conflicts” increasingly threaten international peace. Live cattle from Canada are still banned from the U.S., ever since a “mad cow” of Canadian origin was discovered in Washington state. In 2001, hoof-and-mouth disease instantly resulted in countries all over the world severing trade with the entire EU, although the disease was mostly confined to England. Meanwhile, trade wars simmer between the U.S. and the EU over hormones in beef. Worldwide, varying sanitary standards in meat production also leave nations at odds. No two “true democracies” have ever gone to war, some academics argue, that is, if you don’t count violence over fisheries.

76. 随着以动物肉食为基础的食品市场越来越全球化， “食肉者间只冲突”日益威胁着国际和平。自从在华盛顿州发现原产于加拿大的“疯牛病牛群后， 该国来的活牛至今仍然被美国禁止。在2001年，口蹄瘟疫即时导致世界各国与整个欧盟切断贸易，虽然这种疾病主要只是限于英格兰。与此同时，美国和欧盟之间也因牛肉里的激素开贸易战。世界对肉类生产的不同的卫生标准，也让国家之间产生争执。一些学者认为， 没有两个“真正的民主政体”开过战，如果不把渔业所引起的暴力算进去的话。

77 The population explosion should not be thought of exclusively in terms of people--not when one considers the ecological footprint represented by the world’s 3.2 billion cattle, sheep, goats, and domesticated bison across the globe. About 20 percent of the world’s pastures and rangelands, with 73 percent of rangelands in dry areas, have been degraded to some extent, mostly through overgrazing, compaction, and erosion caused by livestock.

77. 不要认为人口爆炸只有在人类中发生, 特别是当你看到地球上的32亿头牛、绵羊、山羊、豢养之美洲野牛的生态足迹时相同情况亦是如此。 世界上大约20 ％的牧场与放牧区，有73%的放牧区在干旱区域中, 已退化到一定的程度，主要是来源于牲畜所造成的过度放牧、密集式放牧、与土壤流失。

78 It is estimated that 40 to 50 percent of U.S. dairy cows are infected with mastitis at any one time. The painful udder infection is considered a man-made affliction. Cows get it by improper care, poor milking procedures, overmilking, and malfunctioning milking machines. The genetically engineered growth hormone Bovine Somatotropin (bST), which is widely used to boost milk yields, is plainly linked to mastitis.

78. 据估计， 平均百分之四十到五十的美国奶牛都曾经感染乳腺炎。此痛苦的乳房感染是人为的。奶牛得此病因为照料不当、挤奶方法拙劣、挤奶过量、挤奶机失灵。被广泛用来提高牛奶产量的牛生长激素 (bST )，显然是跟乳腺炎有关的。

79 Veggies can lower the risk for teenagers developing high blood pressure later in life, regardless of body weight and salt intake, according to a recent university study. Researchers cite potassium, calcium, magnesium, folate, and other nutrients contained in fruits and vegetables as the reason. Hypertension increases the risk for heart attack and stroke and afflicts 25 percent of U.S. adults.

79. 根据最近一项大学研究， 青少年多食用蔬菜可以降低后得高血压风险， 不论其体重和食盐的摄取量。研究人员认为此原因所在是水果和蔬菜中含有的钾、钙、镁、叶酸和其他营养素。高血压病会增高罹患心脏病与中风的风险, 而美国25 ％的成年人都有此一患。

80 In the early twentieth century man learned how to extract nitrogen (fertilizer) from the air, cheaply and in large quantities. The discovery ultimately allowed 2 billion more people to inhabit the Earth and has given humans the luxury of feeding crops to livestock. Yet what gives the world abundance has, by way of nutrient runoff and acid rain, poisoned waterways from the Chinese countryside to the Ohio Valley. (Excess nitrogen promotes algae growth, robbing the water of oxygen.) In North America and Europe, lakes and rivers contain 20 times the nitrogen they did before the Industrial Revolution.

80. 在20世纪初人类学会了如何从空中提取氮（肥）， 成本低又量又大。此发现虽根本上让地球上住了20亿余人口，而且让人类可以奢侈地用农作物来喂养牲畜。 然而，这个让世界富饶之发现也通过排放剩余的养分或通过酸雨而毒害污染了世界上的河流， 从中国农村到俄亥俄州山谷的都受影响 （此主因为过剩的氮, 促进藻类生长，掠夺了水中的溶氧）。在北美和欧洲，湖泊和河流含的氮是工业革命前 20倍。

81 Every minute of every day, across the globe, 100，000 animals are slaughtered to feed the human lust for meat. This adds up to 50 billion sentient beings a year, not counting fish. Anywhere you go, creatures destined for the dinner plate endure cruel living conditions. “We’re eating them anyway，” goes the strange logic.

81.每一天每一分钟，地球上有十万只动物被屠宰来满足人类的口欲。 这算一下， 一年就有500亿个众生受遭殃，这数字还未不包括鱼类。无论你到任何地方，那些注定要成为桌上佳肴的动物都要受尽毫无人道的生活环境凌辱。 有些人竟说出令人意想不到的话， 说“我们终究会把它们宰来吃， 管它的"。

82 When meat, fish, or poultry is barbecued, dripped fat over the open flame sends up plumes of carcinogenic smoke, coating the food. Other unhealthful chemicals are created just by extended cooking times. Chemists are telling meat eaters today to keep those grill times down. Even environmentalists are saying that restaurant grilling is an important source of soot and smog. But you still need to cook your meat thoroughly: How else are you going to kill all of those nasty bacteria?

82 不论是飞禽走兽或是鱼类的肉被烧烤时， 其滴下的脂肪与烤肉的火炎在燃烧后产生发羽状致癌烟雾，而付着于整个烧烤肉的表面。只要延长烹调时间， 其他有害健康的化学物质亦随之而产生。化学家告诉今天的肉食者要把烧烤时间缩短。甚至连环保人士都说，餐厅中烧烤是煤烟和烟雾的来源。但你仍然需要把肉类彻底煮熟, 不然， 请问你要如何杀死所有那些污秽难缠的细菌呢？

83 Forests cleanse the environment, regulate climate, and provide habitat for wildlife and pollinators of crops. Modern medicines derive from forests. Our very survival on planet Earth depends upon them. According to a 390-page U.N. report in 2006, the expansion of livestock production is a key factor in deforestation. Today, nearly all is taking place in the Amazon, thanks to grazing and the production of feedcrops. Worldwide, livestock production uses 70 percent of all agricultural land and 30 percent of the land surface of the planet.

83. 森林可以净化环境，调节气候，为野生动物提供栖息地, 也为农作物提供授粉环境。现代医药都来自于森林。我们在地球的存亡亦都取决于它们。根据联合国在2006年发布的一份390页的报告显示，畜牧业的扩展是砍伐森林的关键因素。今天，这种情况大都发生在亚马逊河流域，这都得归咎于过度放牧和种植牲畜所食之谷物所造成。结果是， 畜牧生产业占用世界上所有农地的70 ％ ，或地球陆地表面的30 ％。

84 In America, essentially all farmed animals will be trucked around at least once in their lives. Filthy, crowded, cramped, noisy, and terrifying conditions over extended periods are the norm. Truckers may legally deny the animals food and water for up to 36 hours. And such “protections” do not apply to poultry. Many animals are traded internationally. About 4 million live sheep are transported from Australia to the Middle East every year where Islamic law dictates throats be slit without stunning. In one recent year, a ship full of 58，000 sheep was rejected because of widespread infection. Before finding an import destination, nearly a tenth died.

84. 在美国，基本上所有养殖动物在他们的一生里至少有一次被卡车运送过。长期处于肮脏，拥挤，狭窄 ，嘈杂而恐怖的生活条件下早已是司空见惯。这些卡车司机可以合法地拒绝给予动物食物和水，长达36个小时。家禽却连这样的“保护”都没有。许多动物成为国际贸易产品。每年大约400万头活羊从澳大利亚被运到中东，那里伊斯兰法律规定必须在未昏迷状况下屠杀。有一年，一艘载着5万8千头羊的船舶，因为其上羊只大肆罹患传染病， 而被拒绝入港停靠。在还没有找到目的地港口前，已近十分之一羊只死亡。

85 Clog up your arteries on a diet loaded with saturated animal fat and cholesterol year after year and you risk having a heart attack or stroke. You can opt to avert these afflictions with an expensive, though now-routine, operation known as angioplasty. Performed with a balloon-tipped catheter, it works to flatten plaque against artery walls, thus opening up passageways for blood to flow. A whole-foods vegan diet, along with regular exercise, can have the same effect.

85. 饮食中若充斥着动物性饱和脂肪和胆固醇的食物将会阻塞您的动脉，年复一年，你是与心脏病和中风在下赌注。您可以选择用昂贵的但已成为惯例的手术来避免痛苦，此手术叫血管成形术, 它是利用一个球囊形导管来使血管中之硬化向着动脉壁挤压变平， 从而为血液开辟了通道。以天然食品基本的素食主义的饮食，加上定时运动，可有相同的效果。

86 More than half of the nation’s seafood companies do not follow federal food-safety guidelines. Government inspectors visit processors only once a year to oversee essentially voluntary measures and to view company paperwork. Three-quarters of all fish consumed in the U.S. is imported, representing 4 billion pounds, but less than two percent of it is government inspected.

86. 美国一半以上的的海鲜公司都不遵守联邦食品安全规定。政府检查员每年只访问视察一次，其查看性质基本上多是业者自愿性的评估标准, 或只是查看公司的文书作业， 毫无实质执法效益。 美国所消费鱼类的四分之三都是进口的，共四十亿英镑，但其中政府会检查的量只有2 ％还不到。

87 U.N. Environment Programme executive director Klaus Toepfer said in 2003: “The clock is standing at one minute to midnight for the great apes, animals that share more than 96 percent of their DNA with humans. If we lose any great ape species we will be destroying a bridge to our own origins, and with it part of our own humanity.” Humans stand behind all reasons for the die-off, including one of the most important: poaching for meat.

87. 联合国环境计划署执行主任克劳斯特普费尔说，在2003年： “大猿类的时钟差一分钟就要到午夜十二时了(注：时机紧迫的意思)，这种动物的DNA与人类有96 ％以上是相同的。如果我们失去任何大猿物种，我们将摧毁人类了解自己物种源头之桥梁，以及我们人类仁慈天性之一部分。 ” 人类绝对支持大猿灭种，其中最重要的原因是：不应为食其肉而偷猎。

88 Just as smokestack emissions result in acid rain, toxic fumes from decomposing livestock waste in open-air lagoons on factory farms become poisonous to fish when returned to waterways via rainfall. The errant ammonia also ravages terrestrial ecosystems. Since Earth’s plant species evolved to efficiently use scarce amounts of nutrients, today’s gluts will generally kill them. Fallout can degrade environments as far away as 300 miles.

88. 正如烟囱排放废气的导致酸雨，当禽畜废物在工业农场的露天排粪池里分解成为有毒烟雾时，通过雨水返回河流的时候便毒害鱼类。此漂流不定的氨也破坏陆地生态系统。因地球上植物的己进化到让它们有效地利用最少的营养素来生存，而今天这种的过剩养分情况反而会至其死地。这种有毒之漂流物可使这些养殖场附近300英里的环境都剥蚀荒芜。

89 Handling livestock these days is risky business, not the least because humans are increasingly contracting diseases from the animals: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Nipah virus, bird flu, and SARS are a few examples. “Exotic，” and often endangered, animal cuisine provides the conduit for a global pandemic. In China, wet markets display caged and invariably sickly creatures, such as cobras, civet cats, and anteaters, for consumers who want that “taste of the wild.” In Africa, the bushmeat trade is blamed for the spread of Ebola and AIDS.

89. 现在处理禽畜是一种危险的行业，其中值得提的一点是人类从动物感染疾病的个案越来越多： 克雅二氏病 ，尼帕病毒，禽流感，严重急性呼吸系统综合症 只是几个例子而已。 一些奇特的, 而且往往是濒危动物的菜肴为全球性传染病提供了传染管道。在中国，湿货街市现宰动物市场上陈列着被囚禁而且病焉焉的动物，如眼镜蛇，果子狸， 食蚁兽，卖给那些贪求“野味”的飨客。 在非洲，野味贸易是造成埃博拉病毒和艾滋病传播的主因。

90 Even if meat eaters are spared the big killers that their lifestyle is associated with (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer), their diet may still be robbing them of everyday good health. A meat diet is sure to lead to nagging conditions and ailments. A whole-foods, high-fiber vegan diet, full of grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, is just the ticket to reduce arthritis pain, ease irritable-bowel disorders, mitigate common back pain, relieve cold and allergy symptoms, and lower risk for gallstones, kidney stones, and heartburn. But perhaps best of all, the vegan life is one free of constipation!

90. 就算肉食者可免死在其不健康饮食方式所带来之恶果，如心脏病，中风，糖尿病和癌症，但其健康已早被这些疾病给剥夺了。 肉类饮食肯定会带来各种麻烦的健康问题和疾病。天然的、高纤维的纯素食饮食，足够的谷类、水果、蔬菜、豆类，就可以减少关节炎疼痛，减轻大肠炎与相关疾病，减低背部疼痛，纾缓感冒和过敏症状，并降低得胆结石、肾结石以及过多胃酸反升的风险。不过，也许最大的好处是，素食让你免于便秘！

91 When food-safety inspectors in New York City make the rounds, they often come upon merchants selling just about anything: the meat of armadillos, iguanas, primates, turtles, frogs, and even rats. Some of the meat comes from endangered animals. Other cuts, if not intrinsically illegal, fail to derive from licensed inspected facilities and so put consumers at risk. The sellers of such contraband (most is imported) tend to be ignorant of U.S. laws, sometimes conveniently so. They don’t seem to comprehend the dangers to which they expose their customers and even the city as they raise the risk of outbreak. Over one recent 21-month period, a single inspector shuttered 138 city stores.

91. 当纽约市食品安全检查员在巡查的时候，他们通常会袭击那些无所不卖的商人: 犰狳肉， 鬣蜥，灵长类动物，龟，青蛙，甚至老鼠。有一些肉类还是来自濒临灭绝的动物。其他的肉， 如非本质上是非法取得的，要不就是从非法地下工厂而来的； 往往造成消费者的健康威胁， 或着甚至根本是非法的。这种违禁品的贩卖商(多是从美国以外的国家进口来的）有时甚至故意目空一切美国法律规定。他们似乎并不理解这样做让他们的顾客，甚至整个纽约市增加传染病爆发的风险。在最近21个月内，光一位检查员就在城市里关闭138个商店。

92. It is estimated that 30 percent of the world’s fish catch is non-target species, or “bycatch.” Fishers--typically in the cruelest most expedient ways--separate out the discards, only to dump them overboard, dead and mutilated. Bycatch from driftnetting is estimated at 85 percent of catch; despite a U.N. moratorium, Italy, France, and Morocco continue the hugely destructive practice. Shrimp fishing alone is responsible for over 27 percent of the world’s bycatch, despite producing less than 2 percent of global seafood.

92. 据估计， 世界上30 ％的渔获都是抓错的物种，或“副渔获物”。渔民 – 通常用最残酷最便捷的方式 – 分隔其要抛弃的捕获物后， 任其死亡或截取有价值的身体部位后， 再将其扔回海里。以漂网捕到的估计85 ％都是副渔获物;尽管联合国规定全面停用此捕鱼方式，意大利、法国、摩洛哥等国家仍然继续此具有巨大破坏性的做法。单是捕虾造成世界上超过27 ％的副渔获物，尽管生产出来的还不到全球海鲜的2 ％。

93 In nature, pigs avoid filth and will trek and root over 9 miles during a 24-hour period. Yet factory internment brings a breeding sow cold, strawless floors, noxious filth, deafening noise, and immobilizing space barely larger than her own body. This highly intelligent creature will be driven insane as she endures repeated pregnancies via artificial insemination. Her body will be pinned in place to expose her teats to her piglets. When her productive capacity wanes, she will be sent to slaughter.

93. 在自然界中，猪会避免污物，并有能力于24小时内跋涉超过九英里。然而，监禁式的工厂供给母猪的是一个阴冷而无铺稻草的生活空间，脏的让人恶心，加上充满震耳欲聋的猪叫声和勉比自己身体稍大之无法活动的固定空间。这高智能的动物，被逼的要疯了，因为她忍受多次人工授精而怀孕。她的身体将被笼具固定，以便露出她的乳头来喂她的猪宝宝。当她的生产能力减弱时，便被发送至屠宰场去了。

94 There are hundreds of chemicals and animal drugs used on today’s feedlots. These vaccines, parasiticides, hormones, insecticides, feed medications, and antimicrobials are making their way into our creeks, rivers, and lakes via the feces and urine excreted by the animals. The substances act as endocrine disrupters in wild species down stream. One study showed female fish acquiring male traits and male fish acquiring female traits. Other studies have similarly found disturbing anomalies.

94. 今天的畜牧农场用上数以百计的化学品和动物用药物。这些疫苗、杀寄生虫药、激素、杀虫剂、饲料药物、抗菌药物已经通过由动物排出的粪便和尿液流进了我们的小溪、河流、湖泊。这些物质在下游的野生物种身体被吸收而成了其内分泌干扰物。 研究表明，雌性鱼类得了雄性性状， 而雄性鱼类则得了雌性性状。其他一些研究也发现同样令人不安的异常现象。

95. Less than 1 percent of the Earth’s water is usable for human consumption. Most either comprises the salty seas or is locked up in glacial icecaps. You might think that the world would be judicious in how it uses this precious substance. On the contrary: Just one of many examples of worldwide profligate waste is that of the great Ogallala Aquifer, which sits atop America’s High Plains states. Farmers mine this titanic water source of 5 trillion gallons per year to power an infrastructure of feedlots and industrial slaughterhouses. Scientists say this natural wonder will be diminished by 80 percent in 2020.

95. 地球上可供给人类食用的水不到1 ％。而其中大多数的不是和咸海混在一起，就是就被隔绝在冰川里。您可能会认为，这个世界应该会明智地利用这宝贵的物质。事实正相反。 关于世界各地挥霍浪费现在来举一个例子。 位于美国中西部高原上的辽阔的奥加拉拉(Ogallala)地下水层， 农民以每年五兆加仑地速度开采滥用这巨大水源， 以为工业饲养场和屠宰场的周边设施供应地下电力。科学家们说, 到2020年这个自 然景观将会缩小 80 ％。

96 A 25-percent decline in heart disease in Poland in the early 1990s coincided with the country’s transformation to a market economy, which ended government subsidies to meat. A switch primarily to vegetable fats and the increased importation of fruit were also seen as factors in the decline, according to a report made by a team of multinational researchers. The authors of the report noted that the decline was “apparently without precedent in peacetime.”

96. 20世纪90年代初波兰的心脏病下降 了25 ％，恰巧当时在该国同时发生的是市场经济的改革，政府结束了对肉类的补贴。根据一队跨国研究对所提出的一项报告， 改用蔬菜油和增加水果进口也被认为是下降的因素。该报告的作者指出，这种下降在“和平时期是显然是史无前例的”。

97 To produce foie gras, male ducks are force-fed a stomach-gorging cup of corn pellets three times a day with a 15-inch feeder tube. This torturous process goes on for 28 days until the ducks’ livers, from which the pate is made, miasmatically bloat to 10 times normal size. Mortalities are high due to the disease, intense stress, and burst stomachs. For days prior to slaughter, each bird will pant for air. So cruel are these practices that foie gras production is now outlawed in at least a dozen countries.

97. 要生产鹅肝一种方式“佳肴”，就要强行喂食雄鹅, 方法是以一支15英寸的喂食管把一杯玉米颗粒强塞给它吃，如此每日3次。这痛苦的折磨要持续28天，直到那用来做鹅肝酱的肝脏， 受反常的肝毒膨胀到正常的10倍大小。由于疾病和强烈的压力，加上胃爆裂， 死亡率很高。屠宰前几天，每只鹅都要为呼吸而挣扎。由于这做法太过残忍，至少十几个国家已经将此鹅肝生产方法列为禁令。

98 Every year, 24，000 fishers die on the job, making fishing the most dangerous occupation in the world, according to the FAO/UN. Meatpacking has the highest serious injury rate by far of any occupation. Repetitive stress disorders and knife cuts are rampant in meat plants. Poultry processing workers earn wages that are, for a family of four, below the poverty level. Full-time contract poultry growers clear incomes of only $21，000 annually.

98 根据联合国粮农组织报告， 每年有2万4千个渔民因工作意外伤害死亡，这个数字让渔业被列为世界上最危险的职业。 肉类加工业的受重伤率远远超过任何其他行业。反覆性精神紧张失调症和刀伤在肉类工厂里简直是司空见惯的。家禽加工工人赚取的工资，如按一个四人家庭来算，还低于贫民收入水平之下。全职养家禽的包工收入每年只有二万一千美元。

99 Agriculture science inexhaustibly works to eke out every last bit of commodity wealth from farmed animals via genetic selection. Wild jungle fowl lay 2 dozen eggs per year; today’s maligned descendants lay an egg nearly every day. Sows in nature give birth to 5 piglets; today’s factory-raised litters yield 12 young. A hundred years ago a steer took 4 to 5 years to grow to market weight; today the process takes only 14 months. Just 50 years ago cows gave 645 gallons of milk per year; on dairies today, cows give over three times this amount.

99. 农业科学透过遗传选择科技， 无止境地从养殖动物身上榨干其可得之任何商业利益。野生丛林里的禽类（特指鸡只）每年只下二十蛋;今天它不良的子孙几乎每天都下一个。自然界的母猪一胎产5头小猪; 今天的工厂所养出来的猪种一胎可生12只小猪。 1百年前，公牛需要 4到5年成长到市场交易的重量; 今天， 此过程只需要14个月。在50年前， 奶牛每年可生产645加仑牛奶； 今天的奶牛生产量是此数字3倍 以上。

100. Eating vegetables keeps the brain young, a chorus of research shows. One recent 6-year study in Chicago tested 2，000 seniors, their mental acumen paired off with vegetable intake. Subjects who ate more than two servings of vegetables per day appeared about five years younger by certain indicators than those who ate few or no vegetables. Green leafies (spinach, kale, and collards) appeared most beneficial.

100. 众多研究异口同声地表示,吃蔬菜可保持大脑年轻。最近在芝加哥一个长达6年的研究, 测试了2000位老人，他们的头脑敏锐性与蔬菜摄入量成正比。 每天吃两分蔬菜以上的被试者，比那些吃很少或根本没有吃蔬菜的表现年轻5岁左右， 以某些指数为标准。 而其中绿色叶菜类（菠菜，芥蓝， 羽衣甘蓝）显得最有益。

101. When you fork over that $1.89 for those 7 ounces of Brown ’N Serve Sausage Links, it’s really quite a bargain, or so you might think. But such purchases--collectively trillions of them across the globe--accumulate a steep ecological deficit. In time, the debt will come due. Future generations will be the ones remitting its payments, in installments, with global warming, aquifer depletion, topsoil erosion, desertification, collapsed fisheries, wildlife extinction, deforestation and lost ecosystem services. Isn’t it time to start eating lower on the food chain? Get Hip. Go Veg!

101. 只要需要付上1.89美元就可以买那七盎司的布朗尼美式香肠，或者您会认为，这实在相当便宜吧！但这种购买成本的背后，在全球各地以万亿条的数字来计算， 隐藏积累着庞大的生态赤字代价。总有一天，这债务须要偿还。将来要支付的是后代子孙， 他们将要分期付款，而所付出的代价的是全球气候变暖、地下水层枯竭、可种植土壤流失、地表沙漠化、渔业崩溃、野生动物灭绝、森林滥伐和失去生态系统所带来的利益。是不是时侯开始在食物链上吃我们的低层部分的食物呢？赶快追上潮流啊！吃素吧！